Politicians’ discomfort with journalism may be based on the hostile media phenomenon (HMP), write Jörg Matthes, of University of Vienna, Peter Maurer, of Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and Florian Arendt, of University of Munich. The HMP describes a process in which highly involved individuals perceive the news media as more hostile compared to individuals who … Continued

Curd Benjamin Knüpfer, of George Washington University, proposes a new model for analysing so-called “echo chambers”. To be more specific, Knüpfer moves away from the term “echo chamber”, suggesting it implies an unnecessarily insular concept. The new model, then, consists of potentially overlapping feedback loops. The author’s model is four-layered. First, information emerges within a … Continued