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JOURNALISM RESEARCH NEWS

Research of May 2025

Here is a list of all academic peer-reviewed articles, reports and other papers published in May 2025 about journalism research. The bolded titles have JRN articles written about the studies.

PublishedTitleAuthor(s)Journal publisher
2025-05-01Idols Within Reach: Measuring Perceptions of Media Role Models’ AttainabilityDarian Harff,
Heleen Dekoninck,
Desiree Schmuck
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
2025-05-01Divided narratives: How news agencies reinforce one-sided narratives in CyprusNikolaos StelgiasMedia, War & Conflict
2025-05-01AI in the German Media: Narratives of AI-in-Particular and AI-in-General in German Media Reporting About Artificial IntelligenceDominic Lammar, Maja Horst & Ruth MüllerDigital Journalism
2025-05-01Boosting popularity: Folk theories and algorithmic resistance of visibility contests in the comment sectionsGuoning ZhaoBig Data & Society
2025-05-02A Theory-Driven Approach to Fake News/Information Disorder Analysis and Explanation via Target-Based Emotion–Stance Analysis (TESA) and Interpretive Graph Generation (IGG)Xingyu Ken Chen,
Jin-Cheon Na
Social Science Computer Review
2025-05-03Media guidelines for the reporting of gambling and other stigmatised experiences: A scoping review with narrative summaryElizabeth Alice Killick,
Michelle Potiaumpai,
Clare Wyllie
Journalism
2025-05-03Visualizing femicide in the print media: A comparison of Italy and the UKJane Freeland,
Alice Baroni,
Melissa Jogie
Media, Culture & Society
2025-05-03‘She can’t hide her belly any longer’: Online headlines about celebrity pregnancies as small storiesMartina PodbojDiscourse, Context & Media
2025-05-03Media Depictions of Minority Groups: A Meta-Analytic Review Examining the Effects of Positive and Negative Portrayals on Outgroup EvaluationsMuniba Saleem, Ian Hawkins, Stephen A. Rains, Dana Mastro & Stewart ColesMedia Psychology
2025-05-03Mediatizing distant suffering: A longitudinal analysis of The New York Times’ coverage of famine in Somalia (1960–2021)Wenxue ZouDiscourse, Context & Media
2025-05-04Who is sharing the news? Identity construction of news sharers on Dutch language TwitterIris Marijke Baas,
Marcel Broersma,
Tommaso Caselli,
Marc Esteve Del Valle
First Monday
2025-05-04Utilizing Reddit for Journalistic Purposes: A Content Analysis of the Washington Post on RedditJeremy Saks,
Ashley Hopkins
Electronic News
2025-05-04The Local News Crisis and Political ScandalDanny HayesPolitical Communication
2025-05-05Predictive Data Stories: Characterizing a Nascent Data-Journalistic GenreDenise Fechner J. & Christian PentzoldDigital Journalism
2025-05-06Divisions of labor: Why alternative news users seek out mainstream news media in Denmark and how they combine mainstream and alternative contentMiriam Kroman Brems Journalism
2025-05-06News-Driven Discourse and Support for Democratic Norms: Examining Political Knowledge and Tolerance as ModeratorsBumsoo Kim, Xiyue Li & Yunseung LeeJournal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
2025-05-07Dynamic Public Perceptions of and Media Influences on Military Threats to Taiwan: A Method Triangulation ApproachChingching Chang,
Yuan Hsiao,
Ying-Ju Chiu
Communication Research
2025-05-07Rethinking Chinese Journalism and Soft Power in Africa: Capturing the “Reflexivity” of Chinese Foreign CorrespondentsMingjiang Lu, Zizhong Zhang, Xuchen Wang & Hanqin LiJournalism Studies
2025-05-08European media systems in dynamic transition: Comparative results from five countriesPeter Berglez,
Tobias Eberwein,
Christina Krakovsky,
Iveta Jansová,
Nadezhda Miteva,
Lars Nord,
Mart Ots,
Irene Rapado,
Lilia Raycheva,
Anda Rožukalne,
Ilva Skulte,
Lenka Waschková Císařová
European Journal of Communication
I
2025-05-08Rationalisation of the news: How AI reshapes and retools the gatekeeping processes of news organisations in the United Kingdom, United States and GermanyFelix M Simon New Media & Society
2025-05-08Navigating the AI Hype: Chinese Journalists’ Algorithmic Imaginaries and Role Perceptions in Reporting Emerging TechnologiesJoanne KuaiDigital Journalism
2025-05-08Anticipation and Celebration of Victory The Chronicling of Nigeria’s Path to Independence by The Chicago DefenderErnest MakataMedia History
2025-05-08Genealogy of Indonesian Developmental Journalism: The Pancasila Press During Authoritarian New Order (1966–1998)Justito AdiprasetioMedia History
2025-05-08Introduction: 100 Years of Regular Radio Broadcasting in South Africa, 1924–2024Siyasanga M. Tyali & Melusi L. MntungwaCommunicatio
2025-05-08Contestations of Tradition in Xhosa Radio Drama Under ApartheidKhaya M. GqibitoleCommunicatio
2025-05-09Meet the Press: Gendered Conversational Norms in Televised Political Discussion
Daniel Naftel, Jon Green, Kelsey Shoub, Jared Edgerton, Mallory Wagner, and Skyler Cranmer
The Journal of Politics
2025-05-09Reinvented Chinese state media: The discursive construction of journalistic identity on WeChatGeqi Wu,
Yulan Zhang
Journalism
2025-05-09My New Colleague, ChatGPT? How German Science Journalists Perceive and Use (Generative) Artificial IntelligenceLars Guenther, Jessica Kunert & Bernhard GoodwinJournalism Practice
2025-05-10Innovation in trust measurement: introduction of the short and medium media brand trust scaleSteffen HeimJournal of Media Business Studies
2025-05-12How the COVID-19 lockdowns influenced journalists to change the way they react to online and digitally enhanced dangerous and fake contentAmantha Perera,
Amy Johnson,
Elizabeth Ellison,
Sue Joseph
Journalism
2025-05-12Handshake or standoff? Global media and the high stakes of Sino–American diplomacyXiaoling Zhang Global Media and China
2025-05-12The Rise of Pandemic Pundits: Constructing Expertise on TV News During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Germany, Israel, and the United StatesHadas Emma Kedar, Michael Brüggemann

International Journal of Communication
2025-05-12Illusory Superiority About Misinformation Detection and Its Relationship to Knowledge and Fact-Checking Intentions: Evidence from 18 CountriesNicoleta Corbu, Denis Halagiera, Soyeon Jin, James Stanyer, Jesper Strömbäck, Jörg Matthes, David Nicolas Hopmann, Christian Schemer, Karolina Koc-Michalska & Toril Aalberg Mass Communication and Society
2025-05-12The Potential for Media Literacy to Combat Misinformation: Results of a Rapid Evidence AssessmentNick Anstead, Lee Edwards, Sonia Livingstone, Mariya Stoilova
International Journal of Communication
2025-05-12News Framing and the Applicability of Authoritarian Values: Citizens’ Reasoning on News About Societal DisorderMats Ekström, Maria Jervelycke Belfrage
International Journal of Communication
2025-05-12Journalists’ Views on International Media Freedom Campaigns: Empty Rhetoric or Strategic Narratives?Martin Scott, Mel Bunce, Maria Carmen Fernandez, Rachel Khan, Mary Myers, Lina YassinInternational Journal of Communication
2025-05-12Resistant and Misinformed: Understanding the Role of Elite Perceptions and Resistance Strategies Against COVID-19 Reporting in Legacy Media in Adopting COVID-19 MisperceptionsMarlis Stubenvoll, Isabelle Freiling & Jörg MatthesDigital Journalism
2025-05-12Corrigendum to “The New York Times Distorts the Palestinian Struggle: A Case Study of Anti-Palestinian Bias in American News Coverage of the First and Second Palestinian Intifadas”OnlineFirst
Media, War & Conflict
2025-05-13Public Participation in the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) Radio StationsSanele Gamede & Ruth Teer-TomaselliCommunicatio
2025-05-13What Australian research offers the study of digital childhoods: A scoping review of digital media use by families with young childrenKate Mannell,
Xinyu Zhao,
Julian Sefton-Green,
Michael Dezuanni
Media International Australia
2025-05-13Justifying Japan’s national interests to the domestic public: Japanese national daily’s coverage of the Biden-Xi meetingTiantian Diao,
Haichun Yu
Global Media and China
2025-05-13Leveraging natural language processing (NLP) to understand media framing of Lyme diseaseLili Jia, Stephen M. Croucher & Leona GilbertAtlantic Journal of Communication
2025-05-13Reading Chizuko Ueno in China: inter-Asian translation ethics and the ambivalence of transnational feminismsLinjie Dai & Jing WangFeminist Media Studies
2025-05-14Reporting AI in Political Disinformation: Journalistic Discourses in European Quality NewspapersRubén Rivas-de-Roca, Concha Pérez-Curiel & Andreu Casero-RipollésJournalism Practice
2025-05-14More Than Justifications an Analysis of Information Needs in Explanations and Motivations to Disable PersonalizationValeria Resendez,Kimon Kieslich, Natali Helberger & Claes de VreeseJournalism Studies
2025-05-14Disconnection, distraction, and time deficits: how Australian journalists report smartphones affect their work-related dutiesCaroline James-GarrodCommunication Research and Practice
2025-05-15EndnotesErika Pribanic-SmithAmerican Journalism
2025-05-15Editor’s NoteAmber RoessnerAmerican Journalism
2025-05-15Editor’s NoteLindsay PalmerJournalism & Communication Monographs
2025-05-15Indigenizing Mainstream News Coverage of Native AmericansPatty LoewJournalism & Communication Monographs
2025-05-15Research Beyond the “Two Class Theory”Melita M. GarzaJournalism & Communication Monographs
2025-05-15A Critical Time for Critical Race Theory ResearchMeredith D. ClarkJournalism & Communication Monographs
2025-05-15Complicated Utopias: Latinx in Mainstream MediaAngharad N. ValdiviaJournalism & Communication Monographs
2025-05-15Researching Resistance: The Challenges and Responsibilities of Documenting Race, Media, and JusticeAllissa V. RichardsonJournalism & Communication Monographs
2025-05-15A Seat at the Table: Struggling for Access as an Asian American Race and Media ScholarDavid C. OhJournalism & Communication Monographs
2025-05-15On Resisting in Media StudiesCristina MislánJournalism & Communication Monographs
2025-05-15Academic Writing and Strategic Activist MultiplicityLori Kido LopezJournalism & Communication Monographs
2025-05-15“I remember, I saw, I knew”: Journalists’ use of first-person storytelling in award-winning podcastsJessica PettengillMedia, Culture & Society
2025-05-15The AI turn in journalism: Disruption, adaptation, and democratic futuresTomás Dodds,
Rodrigo Zamith,
Seth C Lewis
Journalism
2025-05-15Social distancing in times of corona: a longitudinal study on the role of (mass media-) communication for perceived social distancing normsJule Scheper & Sophie BrunsInformation, Communication & Society
2025-05-15Network Histories: Methods and Measures for Studying Interdependence and Interconnectedness Within Digital JournalismAllie Kosterich, Adam Saffer, Matthew S. Weber & Daniel KreissDigital Journalism
2025-05-15The Somatechnics of Journalism: Applying an Embodied Perspective to Enduring Issues in Journalism StudiesLaura Glitsos & Mark DeuzeJournalism Studies
2025-05-15Activists for Diversity or Diverse Journalists? How Austrian Peripheral Journalistic Actors’ Role Orientations Serve as Boundary MarkersKim LöhmannJournalism Studies
2025-05-15“You Receive Gos-Zakaz, Keep Your Mouth Shut”: How State Information Policy De-Professionalizes JournalismBahtiyar Kurambayev & Karlyga MyssayevaJournalism Practice
2025-05-15Misperceptions of Public Opinion During Crises: Evidence from the COVID-19 PandemicErnesto de León, Sarah Geber, Daniel Vogler, Dario Siegen, Mark Eisenegger & Thomas FriemelPolitical Communication
2025-05-15Setting the Agenda for a Social Movement: A New Approach to the Network Agenda Setting ModelDaud Isa,
Lei Guo,
Itai Himelboim,
Guy J. Golan
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
2025-05-16Real freelancers, contingent workers, and journopreneurs. Mapping atypical journalistic work in Western EuropePhoebe MaaresJournalism
2025-05-16Situating AI: Global media approaches to artificial intelligencePayal Arora,
Simone Natale
Media, Culture & Society
2025-05-16Being Chinese or becoming Chinese? Discursive imaginations of Eileen Gu across media platformsZhiqiu Benson Zhou,
Yang Liu
Media, Culture & Society
2025-05-17Generic visuals, news production and professional authority in the news industryCW Anderson,
Helen Kennedy,
Giorgia Aiello,
Monika Fratczak
Journalism
2025-05-17‘Talkin’ ’bout a revolution’? The strategic narratives of the Syrian Democratic CouncilEdoardo Corradi Media, War & Conflict
2025-05-17From Automation to Transformation with AI-Tools: Exploring the Professional Norms and the Perceptions of Responsible AI in a News OrganizationHannes Cools & Claes H. de VreeseDigital Journalism
2025-05-18Tracing Knowledge Gaps: Investigating the Influence of Education on News Exposure and Knowledge Using Digital Trace DataDominique S. Wirz,
Ernesto de León,
Silke Adam,
Mykola Makhortykh
The International Journal of Press/Politics
2025-05-18Determinants of Political Disinformation Prevention: Taiwanese Journalists and General Public Regarding Safety of Import FoodJen-Chun Kang, Chaoyun Liang & Chia-Hao YuJournalism Practice
2025-05-19Editorial Introduction: Media, War & Conflict’s 15-Year Anniversary Special IssueKaty Parry Media, War & Conflict
2025-05-19A new innovative method to evaluate public news broadcasting: Preserving democracy, culture, and identity during the first AI revolutionEhsan Jozaghi Journalism
2025-05-19Science opinion leaders in digitized communication environments: Media use, trust in science, and conspiracy affinityMonika Taddicken,
Anne Reif
European Journal of Communication
2025-05-19Addressing a Blind Spot in Selective Exposure Research: Perceptions of Media Bias and Their Effects on Mainstream Media Use. A Mediation AnalysisJesper Strömbäck,
Sofia Johansson,
Elena Broda,
Erik Espeland,
Hugo Ekström
The International Journal of Press/Politics
2025-05-19The interweaving functions of entertainment media: A cross-media study of Norwegian teensMarika Lüders New Media & Society
2025-05-19Media coverage and public attention to “fake news”: The moderating role of economic conditions and market-oriented media systemsAndrea Ceron,
Alessio Scopelliti
New Media & Society
2025-05-19A new innovative method to evaluate public news broadcasting: Preserving democracy, culture, and identity during the first AI revolutionEhsan Jozaghi Journalism
2025-05-19Beyond “Emergencies?" Reporting on Humanitarian Issues Around the WorldKate Wright, Dani Madrid-Morales & Christopher BarrieDigital Journalism
2025-05-19The “Keys” to unlocking Eastern European (neo)Nazism: the search for narrative refugeKristen M. EinertsonCommunication and Critical/Cultural Studies
2025-05-19Next Generation Journalistic Norms: Journalism Students’ Social Imaginary of AI-Infused JournalismTanja Aitamurto & Jan Lauren BoylesJournalism Practice
2025-05-20Newspaper framing of attempts to ban LGTBQ books in the U.S., U.K., and IrelandLaura H Marshall,
Steve Bien-Aimé
Media, Culture & Society
2025-05-20What does local news use have to do with raising children? Four dimensions of the roles of local news from a study on English parents’ news useRanjana Das,
Maria Nerina Boursinou,
Tom Roberts,
Emily Setty
Journalism
2025-05-20Cumulative disinformation through citation: Investigating the longitudinal construction of Sweden as the ‘rape capital’ of the worldMathilda Åkerlund,
Jesper Strömbäck
New Media & Society
2025-05-20Finding Frames With BERT: A Transformer-Based Approach to Generic News Frame DetectionVihang Jumle,
Mykola Makhortykh,
Maryna Sydorova,
Victoria Vziatysheva
Social Science Computer Review
2025-05-20Developing the habit: The socialization of U.S. teens into distinct repertoires of news consumptionStephanie EdgerlyJournal of Children and Media
2025-05-20AI in African Newsrooms: Evaluating Translation Accuracy, Reliability, and Cultural Sensitivity in Tanzanian MediaGregory GondweJournalism Practice
2025-05-21Following Professional Journalists on Social Media and Paying Intent for Online News: A Moderated Mediation Model in Spain and GermanyManuel Goyanes & Gergő HálóJournalism Practice
2025-05-21Media Technological Attributes’ Effects on Young People’s Internet Political Efficacy During Second Screening: A Mix-of-Attribute ApproachYiben LiuJournal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
2025-05-21The Populist Threat to Public Service Media (PSM): Experiences, Responses and Impact of Populist Attacks on PSM RepresentativesJohanna Wolleschensky & Annika SehlJournalism Studies
2025-05-22Creating speculative mobile media futures with older adults in AustraliaCaitlin McGrane,
Larissa Hjorth
Mobile Media & Communication
2025-05-22A double-edged sword? The role of mobile media in press freedom in PakistanMuhammad AdnanMobile Media & Communication
2025-05-22As if They are not Covering This City: Audiences’ Perception of Politicized Local NewsJelena Kleut, Sanja Kljajić & Stefani ŠovanecJournalism Practice
2025-05-22Emotion Sells: Rage Bait vs. Information Bait in Clickbait News Headlines on Social MediaJieun Shin, Chris DeFelice & Soojong KimDigital Journalism
2025-05-22Dissecting ‘he said, she said’ news: fundamental objections to objective journalismTabe BergmanCommunication Research and Practice
2025-05-22Bringing Up the Body: Uncovering the Subjectivity of JournalistsKarin Wahl-JorgensenJournalism Studies
2025-05-23Picturing Refugees in Western Media: A Comparative Study of Middle Eastern and European Refugees on TwitterAliaa K. ElShabassy,
Menna Elhosary,
Shahira S. Fahmy,
Shaimaa Gheith,
Sherry Ayad
Journal of Communication Inquiry
2025-05-24Democracy and political stability alone cannot reduce journalist killings without press freedom: A mediation analysis
Md. Sayeed Al-ZamanJournalism
2025-05-24The Ethics of Media Representation: Biopolitics, Gender Exceptionalism, and Saving Muslim WomenHaneen Shafeeq GhabraSouthern Communication Journal
2025-05-25Digital storytelling and public stigma: Investigating recovery narratives and intersectionalityRuth A. Osoro, Rachel A. Smith & Glenn SternerCommunication Monographs
2025-05-25Critical Media Perceptions of Gender, LGBTQ+, and Gender-Based Violence in El Salvador: Implications for AttitudesNikki McClaran & Juan MundelJournal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
2025-05-26Mapping Media Perceptions: Unveiling the Attitude Networks Toward News MediaJayeon Lee,
Dongyoung Sohn
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
2025-05-26Introduction to the Special Issue: The (invisible) work involved in bridging the research-practice gap in journalismNadja Schaetz,
Anna Schjøtt,
Tomás Dodds,
Claudia Mellado
Journalism
2025-05-26Silent Stories: Reporting Armenia in Turkey's Independent MediaKübra Zeynep SarıaslanJournalism Practice
2025-05-26Go negative to be on the safe side! A 10-country investigation of the link between journalists’ negative framing and political actors’ strategic communicationMárton Bene,
Xénia Farkas
Journalism
2025-05-27Digital Voices, Discursive Power: The Siege of Turkey's Digital News Media by Interpretive JournalismSarphan UzunoğluElectronic News
2025-05-27How do people decide whether to trust information from generative AI? The effects of transparency on trust in and evaluation of a generated contentDonghee Shin & Ali AhsanJournal of Media Business Studies
2025-05-27Projection in journalists’ perceptions of public opinionFabian Prochazka,
Karolin Soontjens,
Kathleen Beckers,
David Nicolas Hopmann,
Andreas Schuck
Journalism
2025-05-27Framing Nordic public service media: Comparing policy discourses in Finland, Sweden, Norway, and DenmarkJohn Grönvall,
Kari Karppinen
European Journal of Communication
2025-05-27The need for a criminology of housing exploitation: A review of the documentary film The ImpossibilityVáclav WalachCrime, Media, Culture: An International Journal
2025-05-27Suffering as the counter-discourse: the construction of an affective community through feminist podcasts in ChinaLulu Yuan & Haiyan WangFeminist Media Studies
2025-05-27From Fact-Checking to Debunking: The Case of Elections24Check During the 2024 European ElectionsCarlos Rodríguez-Pérez,
Rocío Sánchez-del-Vas,
Jorge Tuñón-Navarro
Media and Communication
2025-05-27Media Representation of Youth (-Driven) Innovation Initiatives in KenyaDaniel Oloo Ong'ong'aAfrican Journalism Studies
2025-05-27What I miss most: Journalists’ rationalization of relational social media useAlexis Haskell and Logan Molyneux New Media & Society
2025-05-28How the EU Counters Disinformation: Journalistic and Regulatory ResponsesJorge Tuñón Navarro,
Luis Bouza García,
Alvaro Oleart
Media and Communication
2025-05-28What a Human-Centred Approach Reveals About Disinformation Policies: The Baltic CaseAuksė Balčytienė,
Agnese Dāvidsone,
Andra Siibak
Media and Communication
2025-05-28The EU’s FIMI Turn: How the European Union External Action Service Reframed the Disinformation FightLucas Proto,
Paula Lamoso-González,
Luis Bouza García
Media and Communication
2025-05-28The Regulation of Disinformation Under the Digital Services ActRonan Ó Fathaigh,
Doris Buijs,
Joris van Hoboken
Media and Communication
2025-05-28Building a Cross-Border European Information Network: Hyperlink Connections Among Fact-Checking OrganizationsRegina CazzamattaMedia and Communication
2025-05-28Countering Disinformation: A Delicate Balance Between International Action and National ParticularitiesFlavia Durach,
Mălina Ciocea,
Cătălina Nastasiu
Media and Communication
2025-05-28Post-Truth Politics in Action? Representation of the Media in Spanish Radical Parties’ Electoral CampaignsTaru Haapala, Juan RochMedia and Communication
2025-05-28Reversing the Privatisation of the Public Sphere: Democratic Alternatives to the EU’s Regulation of DisinformationAlvaro Oleart,
Julia Rone
Media and Communication
2025-05-28What Makes it into the Media? Party Messages, Communication Channels, and Media OutletsChristoph Ivanusch,
Paul Balluff
The International Journal of Press/Politics
2025-05-29Enhancing Self-Perceived Disinformation Identification in Democracy: The Impact of Fact-Checking Integration into Daily News Consumption PracticesManuel Goyanes, Sangwon Lee, Susana Salgado & Homero Gil de ZúñigaJournal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
2025-05-29The rise and fall of European media: EU policy in the streaming eraJean K ChalabyEuropean Journal of Communication
2025-05-29More platforms, less attention to news? A multi-platform analysis of news exposure across TV, web, and YouTube in the United StatesTian Yang,
Sandra González-Bailón
New Media & Society
2025-05-29Effects of Journalistic Roles on Chilean Media Users’ and Journalists’ Quality Evaluations of NewsClaudia Mellado & Cornelia MothesJournalism Practice
2025-05-29Journalistic Mobility Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Case of SwedenAmy Schmitz Weiss & Henrik ÖrnebringJournalism Practice
2025-05-30The Broadcast Journalism Capstone Experience: An Updated OverviewChinwendu Praise Akalonu,
August E. Grant
Journalism & Mass Communication Educator
2025-05-30Factional Journalism in South Africa's Privately Owned Print Media: An ExplorationTrust Matsilele,
Trevor Hlungwani
Journal of Communication Inquiry
2025-05-31The Immediate and Delayed Beliefs in Headlines With High-arousal Sentence StartersXiaoyu Zhou,
Zhang Tan,
Danjun Wang,
Fei Wang,
Kaiping Peng
Communication Research
2025-05-31Source-Inconsistent News From Partisan Media: Expectancy Violations as a Way to Improve Attitudes Toward Out-Party MediaMasahiro Yamamoto,
Chia-Heng Chang
Communication Research
2025-05-31Positive and negative perceptions of true crime podcasts: surveying female, male, and nonbinary listenersRemy Heinen & Rachel Leigh GreenspanPopular Communication
2025-05-31TikTok Usage Effects on Attention to News Reading: An Eye-Tracking StudyBridget Cole, Arthur D. Santana, Xiaohan Hu & Toby HoppJournal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media